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Now showing 1 - 5 of 13

Recent Submissions

Characterization and determinant factors of critical illness and in-hospitalmortality of COVID-19 patients: A retrospective cohort of 1,792 patients inKenya
(Biosafety and Health, 2022-06-27) Isinta M Elijah; Endawoke Amsalu; Xuening Jian; Mingyang Cao; Eric K Mibei c; Danvas O Kerosi; Francis G Mwatsahu; Wei Wang; Faith Onyangore; Youxin Wang
Limited data is available on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), critical illness rate, and in‐hospital mortality in the African setting. This study investigates determinants of critical illness and in‐hospital mortality among COVID‐19 patients in Kenya. We conducted a retrospective cohort study at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Kenya. Multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard regression were employed to determine predictor factors for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and in‐hospital mortality, respectively. In addition, the Kaplan‐Meier model was used to compare the survival times using log‐rank tests. As a result, 346 (19.3%) COVID‐19 patients were admitted to ICU, and 271 (15.1%) died. The majority of those admitted to the hospital were male, 1,137 (63.4%) and asymptomatic, 1,357 (75.7%). The most prevalent clinical features were shortness of breath, fever, and dry cough. In addition, older age, male, health status, patient on oxygen (O2), oxygen saturation levels (SPO2), headache, dry cough, comorbidities, obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes, chronic lung disease (CLD), and malignancy/cancer can predicate the risk of ICU admission, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC‐ROC) of 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88–0.92). Survival analysis indicated 271 (15.1%) patients died and identified older age, male, headache, shortness of breath, health status, patient on oxygen, SPO2, headache, comorbidity, CVDs, diabetes, CLD, malignancy/cancer, and smoking as risk factors for mortality (AUC‐ROC: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.89–0.91). This is the first attempt to explore predictors for ICU admission and hospital mortality among COVID‐19 patients in Kenya
Malaria and Climate Variability: Exploring Variations in Rainfall, Temperature and Mortality on Mt. Elgon, Kenya (2011 To 2021)
(2025) Fredrick W. Wanyama; Job Mulonga; Moses M. Ngeiywa; Judith Makwali; Calvince Anino; Makila Jacob; Mwongula Wanjala
Background: Malaria is a preventable and treatable disease that is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Understanding the trends in the factors that contribute to malaria transmission is essential for the timely development of effective prevention and control strategies. Objective: This study analyzed the trends relationships between rainfall, temperature, and confirmed cases of malaria in Mt. Elgon Sub-County over the past decade (2011-2021). Results: The results showed a negative correlation between rainfall and confirmed malaria cases, with a correlation coefficient of -0.36. An increase in rainfall was associated with a decrease in confirmed malaria cases. Additionally, there was a moderate to strong positive correlation between average temperature and confirmed malaria cases, with a correlation coefficient of 0.16. An increase in temperature was associated with an increase in confirmed malaria cases. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of understanding the role of environmental factors in the transmission of malaria and the potential impact of climate change on the disease transmission. Reduction in mean rainfall and an increase in mean temperature predicts’ increased malaria and these can be used to mobilize resources to prevent and manage the disease. Further research is needed to better understand the complex relationships between these variables and to identify effective strategies for preventing and controlling malaria.
Aflatoxin Contamination in Cereals and Animal Feeds in Bomet County, Kenya: A Food Safety and Public Health Concern
(European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 2025-02-22) Kemoi E.K; F.O. Onyangore; Bii. C.C
Aflatoxin is a type of mycotoxin originating from fungi that contaminates human food and animal feeds, causing serious health effects in humans and animals. The study aims to determine fungal infestation and mycotoxin contamination of human food and animal feeds for public health initiatives in Bomet County. A quarter of a kilogram of ninety-one samples was taken randomly from each household and agro vets shops sampled during the study in brown bags to Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) laboratory in a deep freezer before laboratory investigation by culturing on mycological media. Fungi classification was based on morphological features. Mycotoxin detection was done using the ELISA-based EnviroLogix QuickTox Kit and the positive samples, was subjected to High-performance Liquid Chromatography analysis for QC purposes. Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp., Penicillium spp. and, Xeromyces spp. were isolated from cereals and animal feed. Of all the samples analyzed 34.1% were positive for aflatoxins and 17% of the samples analyzed were exceeding the acceptable levels. AFB1 and AFB2 were the most commonly identified, the largest proportion of Aflatoxins ranges from 0 µg/kg to 480 µg/kg. According to the European Union's acceptable limits, amounts of aflatoxin detected in some foods were unsafe and not fit for human consumption. The presence of aflatoxins in staple foods poses significant health risks, including hepatocarcinogenic effects, and has economic implications for food security. Pre-harvest and post-harvest practices can be applied to prevent or minimize aflatoxin levels in food, such as Crop protection, drying of cereals, sorting moldy or damaged Kernels, storing food in a dry place, use of fungicides and even use of gamma rays to radiate crops.
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Fluid Flow Over a Porous Aerofoil Wing Design Within a Magnetic Field
(International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2025-10) Kirui G. K; Mukuna W. O; Oduor M. O
A mathematical model of turbulent fluid flow over a porous aerofoil wing design within a magnetic field is considered. The fluid flow was modelled using Navier stokes equations of conservation of momentum, energy and mass in cylindrical coordinates. The governing equations were then non-dimentionalized and gave rise to the non-dimensional parameters. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques was used to simulate the flow of air over a porous wing within a range of magnetic field strengths. Examinations of the effects of the magnetic field on key performance metrics such as lift, drag, and efficiency, as well as the overall flow structure of the wing was performed and found valuable insights into the use of porous aerofoil wings in the design of aircraft operating in high-magnetic field environments, such as those found in space or near the Earth's poles. Additionally, the outcomes of the research had wider implications for other domains investigating the impact of magnetic fields on fluid motion, such as in the design of magnetic resonance imaging systems or in the study of planetary motions. Aerofoil wings are an essential component of aircraft design, as they provide lift and enable flight. However, the flow of air over the wing is often turbulent, which can lead to decreased efficiency and performance. Porous aerofoil wings wasproposed as a means of reducing turbulence, and the effects of such wings on fluid flow within a magnetic field have been thoroughly investigated. In this research, numerical investigation of the effects of a magnetic field on turbulent fluid flow over a porous aerofoil wing design was done. It is evident from the results that the primary velocities increase when the magnetic parameter was reduced. It was also found that the lift force increases when the Grashof number and Prandtl number decreases.
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Fluid Flow Over a Porous Aerofoil Wing Design Within a Magnetic Field
(UoK, 2025-10) Gideon Kimutai Kirui
Aerofoil wings are an essential component of aircraft design, as they provide lift and enable flight. However, the flow of air over the wing is often turbulent, which can lead to decreased efficiency and performance. Porous aerofoil wings was proposed as a means of reducing turbulence, and the effects of such wings on fluid flow within a magnetic field have been investigated. A mathematical model of turbulent fluid flow over a porous aerofoil wing design within a magnetic field M=0.1 to M=2 was considered. The fluid flow was modeled using Navier Stokes equations for the conservation of momentum, energy and mass in cylindrical coordinates. The governing equations were then non-dimensionalized by the non- dimensional flow parameters such as magnetic parameter(𝑀), Hall parameter(𝑚), Prandtl number(𝑃𝑟), and Grashof number (𝐺𝑟) on fluid velocity and temperature distribution and gave rise to the nondimensional parameters. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques were used to simulate the flow of air over a porous wing within a magnetic field strength. Examination of the effects of the magnetic field on key performance metrics such as lift, drag, and efficiency, as well as the overall flow structure of the wing was performed and found valuable insights into the use of porous aerofoil wings in the design of aircraft operating in high-magnetic field environments, such as those found in space or near the Earth's poles. Additionally, the outcomes of the research had wider implications for other domains investigating the impact of magnetic fields on fluid motion, such as in the design of magnetic resonance imaging systems or in the study of planetary motions. In this research, numerical investigation of the effects of a magnetic field on turbulent fluid flow over a porous aerofoil wing design was done. Variation of Prandtl number (from Pr = 0.7 to 3) significantly varied the temperature profile while it had no observable effect on the velocity profiles. It is evident from the results that the primary velocities increase when the magnetic parameter was reduced. It was also found that the lift force increase when the Grashof number and Prandtl number was decreased.