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DSpace is the world leading open source repository platform that enables organisations to:

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Recent Submissions

Nuclear Proliferation: A Cross-Cutting International Security Issue
(International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 2025-03-07) Michael Ang’anyo Onyango; Thomas Otieno Juma
This paper discusses nuclear proliferation as a cross-cutting international security issues in contemporary. The paper addresses four pertinent themes which include: The nature of nuclear weapons and their effects; the global diffusion of nuclear and ballistic missile technology; Theorizing nuclear proliferation and non-proliferation, and; Other weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and their impact on world politics. Whereas nuclear itself is very useful commercially, we argue that nuclear weapons represent mankind’s ultimate confrontation with the natural environment that sustains us. The purpose of these weapons is wholesale destruction on a massive scale, which affects most forms of life. It stands as a single human creation with such a great potential for harm. Such is the threat to life posed by nuclear weapons that the International Court of Justice, the world’s highest legal authority, in its 1996 landmark ruling on the general illegality of these weapons, stated: "The destructive power of nuclear weapons is hard to be contained. They have the potential to destroy all civilization and the entire ecosystem of the planet.” There are two overwhelming threats to life on earth as we know it. They are climate change and its security effects. The diffusion of nuclear weapons to additional countries might come about through indigenous development programs, through assistance from the present nuclear powers, or through a combination of both. This diffusion, sometimes called the "Nth country" problem, has been of great concern in discussions of disarmament and U.S. nuclear assistance programs. It has been widely held that the spread of nuclear capabilities is disadvantageous for U.S. security and that an effort to stop it should receive highest priority in disarmament policies. It is the purpose of this presentation to examine the validity of this proposition. To do so it will be necessary to estimate the political and military effects that might arise from a further diffusion of nuclear capabilities. Such an undertaking is necessarily fraught with great uncertainties. This paper also presents an analysis of the contemporary debate on the begging question, “is there a theory of nuclear proliferation?” The theoretical debate over how nuclear proliferation should be explained, and whether future nuclear proliferation can be predicted or not, has been given fresh impetus since the end of the Cold War. The debate has been particularly lively, as the new international environment has brought new challenges to conventional wisdom about the spread of nuclear weapons. However, although some very important contributions have been made, the dynamics of nuclear proliferation remain largely a mystery. This paper does not claim to have found the answers, but it does attempt to show the limitations of the existing debate, and in doing so, highlights areas which require further research. Finally the paper interrogates the questions; “With the rapid erosion of the prohibition on use by states of chemical weapons, and the rise of radical non-state groups seemingly willing to utilize whatever weapons of mass destruction they can obtain, what can the international community do to restrain their use? And what do advances in neuroscience portend for the development and use of new kinds of chemical control agents?”
Working Hours, Work-Family Conflict and Mental Health of National Police Service Officers in Southrift, Kenya
(International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Review, 2025-10-05) Benjamin Bett Cheruiyot; Williter Rop; Lucy Jumah
The study examined the relationship between employee working hours, work-family conflict and mental health of Kenya National Police Service officers in South Rift, Kenya. The study was motivated by the rising mental health cases of Kenya National Police Service officers. The study adopted correlational and cross-sectional research design. A sample size of 384 respondents were selected from a target population of 13,230 using multi-stage sampling technique and simple random technique. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. A pilot study was conducted on the data collection instrument to pre-test its validity before the main survey, while data reliability was measured using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. The study showed significant negative associations between working hours and mental health of Kenya National Police officers. Moreover, work-family conflict significantly moderated the link between working hours and mental health. The study concludes that addressing mental health requires reduction of employee working hours. Given the findings, the study recommends adoption of flexible duty rosters and rotational shifts that would enable police officers to balance professional obligations with personal and family needs. Furthermore, family-inclusive counseling is essential to mitigate conflict spillovers.
Relationship Between the Credit Risk Assessment and The Financial Performance of Tier-Two and Tier-Three Commercial Banks in Kenya
(East African Journal of Business and Economics, 2025-09-10) Cheboss Venus Jeptoo; Penina Langat; Raymond Kemboi
This study examined the relationship between credit risk assessment and the financial performance of tier-two and three commercial banks in Kenya. The research adopted a cross-sectional design targeting 312 top-level employees from 30 tier-two and tier-three banks, with a sample size of 175 respondents selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that while credit risk assessment practices were generally in place, the correlation with financial performance was positive but statistically insignificant (r = 0.057, p > 0.05). This indicates that although credit risk assessment is important, it alone may not significantly influence financial performance unless combined with other credit risk management strategies. The findings suggest that banks should not rely solely on assessment but enhance other practices for improved financial outcomes.
Exploring Contemporary Issues of Adolescent Pregnancies in Kenya: Further Analysis Of 2014 And 2020 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey Datasets Files
(International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Innovation, 2024-01) Calvince Anino; Joel Wanzala; Fredrik Wanyama; Collins Kirui
Background Adolescent pregnancy is a pressing issue with significant social and health consequences for both mothers and children, particularly in developing countries with limited access to quality healthcare. Despite policy and program interventions, adolescent pregnancies continue to have adverse outcomes. The examined trends and contemporary issues related to adolescent pregnancies in Kenya using data from the 2014 and 2020 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey datasets files. Methods Kenya Demographic and Health Survey datasets for 2014 and 2020 were used. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze trends in adolescent pregnancies, while binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with adolescent pregnancies. Results The study found a significant decrease in the prevalence of adolescent pregnancies from 18.8% in 2014 to 12.2% in 2020 (p 0.001), with a higher prevalence in rural areas. Over 70% of the pregnancies were unintended, and sexual initiation before the age of 15 was associated with a higher risk of pregnancy. Wealth status, education, access to healthcare, and household size were significantly associated with adolescent pregnancy. Conclusion The study observed a concerning rise in adolescent pregnancies, primarily affecting girls aged 15-19. This was driven by the interplay of socio-demographic, economic, and cultural factors, which greatly impacted rural and disadvantaged communities.
Determinants of Covid-19 vaccine uptake among the elderly aged 58 years and above in Kericho County, Kenya: Institution based cross sectional survey
(PLOS Global Public Health, 2023-09-12) Calvince Otieno Anino; Immaculate Wandera; Zachary Ondicho Masimba; Collins Kipkosgei Kirui; Carjetine Syallow Makero; Phanice Kerubo Omari; Philip Sanga
Hesitancy to Covid-19 vaccine is a global challenge despite the compelling evidence of the value of vaccine in preventing disease and saving lives. It is suggested that context-specific strategies can enhance acceptability and decrease hesitancy to Covid-19 vaccine. Hence, the study determined uptake and determinants of Covid-19 vaccine following a sustained voluntary vaccination drive by Kenyan government. We conducted institution based crosssectional survey of 1244 elderly persons aged 58 to 98 years in the months of January, February and March, 2022. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to investigate determinants of Covid 19 vaccine uptake. The predictor variables included socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, convenience and ease of access of the vaccine, collective responsibility, complacency and the three dimensions of confidence; trust in safety, trust in decision makers and delivery system. The findings are reported as the adjusted odd ratio (AOR) at 95% confidence interval (CI). Significant level was considered at p <0.05. The results from the multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that advanced age and presence of chronic disease were associated with increased odds of doubt on Covid 19 vaccine, while long distance from vaccination centers was associated with increased odds of delay in vaccination. Overall, the findings of this study provided valuable insights into the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy among the elderly population in Kenya and will inform the development of targeted interventions to increase vaccine acceptance and uptake in this population.